BIOTECHNOLOGY:PRINCIPLES AND PROCESSES...Ncert Notes

12:Ncert chap 11  Biotechnology:Principles and processes...

Biotechnology deals with techniques of using organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans.

Microbe mediated processes:

Curd ,bread/wine making.

Invitro fertilization-->test tube baby

Synthesising a gene and using it

Developing a DNA vaccine 

Correcting a defective gene are all parts of biotechnology

 

European Federation of Biotechnology (EFB) gave definition of biotechnology that encompasses both traditional and modern views

Definition by EFB:

The integration of natural science and organisms,cells,parts thereof,and molecular analogues for products and services.'

 

Among many,the two core techniques that enabled birth of modern technology

Principles of Biotechnology:

-genetic engineering

-Bioprocess engineering

Genetic engineering

Techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA,RNA) to introduce into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of host organisms.

Bioprocess engineering:

 Maintenance of sterile(Microbial contamination free)ambience in chemical engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired microbe/eukaryotic cell in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products.

Biotechnological products: Antibiotics, vaccines,enzymes

Advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction:

Provides variation 

Formulation of unique combinations of genetic setup(some beneficial for the population,organism)

Asexual reproduction:Preserves genetic the genetic information

Traditional hybridisation Procedures are used in Plant and animal breeding leading to:

Inclusion and Multiplication of undesirable genes along with desired genes.

Techniques of genetic engineering which includes the,

Creation of RECOMBINANT DNA

Use of GENE CLONING ,GENE TRANSFER,overcomes limitation and allow us to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without introducing undesirable genes  into the target organism.

                 Gene transfer

                  Gene cloning

          Recombinant technology

DNA would not be able to multiply itself in the progeny cells of the organism.

DNA when integrated into the genome of the recipient,it may multiply and be inherited along with the host  DNA.

Alien piece of DNA has become a part of chromosome which has the ability to replicate.

Specific DNA sequence in a chromosome called the origin of replication (initiates replication)

Note:Only a part of 'Origin of replication' can be multiplied

Cloning:making multiple identical copies of any template DNA

• It is carried out when an alien DNA is linked with the origin of replication, so that the alien piece of DNA can replicate and multiply itself in the host organism.